In the context of elections, what does a by-election specifically address?

A by-election specifically addresses the need to fill vacancies that occur within a political office due to specific circumstances, such as the resignation, death, or disqualification of a sitting member of a legislative body. This process allows for representation in the affected constituency to be maintained without waiting for the next scheduled general election. By-elections typically happen at the local or parliamentary level and ensure that constituents continue to have a voice in their government.

The other options do not accurately define a by-election. The first option suggests a limited scope to local officials, which does not encompass the full meaning of a by-election, as they can also be held for parliamentary seats. The third option, concerning general national elections, incorrectly implies that by-elections are part of the broader electoral process that occurs at regularly scheduled intervals rather than addressing specific vacancies. The option related to the election of new party leaders fails to acknowledge that these events are distinct from by-elections, focusing instead on internal party processes rather than electoral vacancies.