What type of organization typically works independently from the government to effect social change?

A Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) primarily operates independently from the government and is dedicated to addressing social issues and promoting social change. NGOs are often non-profit entities that focus on various causes, such as human rights, environmental protection, poverty alleviation, and education. Their independence from government allows them to advocate for policy changes and mobilize community support without being influenced by political agendas or government constraints.

Political parties, on the other hand, are directly involved in the political process and often seek to gain control of government by winning elections. They campaign for specific policies but are fundamentally part of the government system.

Government agencies are part of the government itself and work within its framework to implement laws and policies. Their objectives are aligned with governmental priorities and regulations, which means they do not operate independently.

Trade unions are organizations that represent workers' interests and may negotiate with employers or advocate for labor rights. While they can push for social change, they primarily focus on issues related to workers and employment rather than broader social issues, and they often interact with government and employers rather than functioning independently of them.

Thus, the distinct role of NGOs as independent entities focused on social advocacy makes them the correct answer.